Genetic Profiling of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes from Uropathogenic E. coli Isolates in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Abstract

The high levels of antimicrobial resistance linked to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae hinder effective patient management and significantly contribute to the rising global rates of diseases and death. Therefore, investigating the genetic profiles of ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in Ekiti State, Nigeria, is critical. Methods: Seventy-five E. coli strains were randomly selected from four locations within Ekiti State. Isolates were tested for resistance to 15 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and multiplex PCR assays were employed to detect ESBL gene variants. Data were analyzed using Chi-square tests and Poisson regression (p < 0.05). Results: The E. coli isolates exhibited high resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (59.0%), ampiclox (55.7%), nitrofurantoin (52.5%), tetracycline (41.0%), and cotrimoxazole (41.0%). Conversely, they were most susceptible to meropenem (43.3%), imipenem (41.8%), levofloxacin (39.3%), and ceftazidime (33.6%). The isolates demonstrated significant multidrug resistance with a mean MAR index of 0.5. Molecular screening revealed that 24% (18 isolates) harbored blaTEM genes, while blaCTX-M and blaSHV were not detected. Conclusion: Continuous updates in rapid diagnostic methods and treatment protocols are essential for effectively managing ESBL-producing UPEC, to support antimicrobial stewardship.