Engineering Technology in Renewable Energy: A Comprehensive Review of Solar, Wind, and Hybrid System

Abstract

Nigeria’s electricity sector continues to experience persistent challenges including inadequate supply, fragile grid infrastructure, fuel dependency, and exposure to economic and climatic shocks. At the same time, the country is endowed with vast renewable energy resources and stands at a critical juncture in its energy transition. This paper examines emerging renewable energy technologies and strategic pathways for building resilient power systems in Nigeria. Drawing on synthesized evidence from peer reviewed literature, international policy reports, energy transition frameworks, the study explores advances in solar, wind, hybrid systems, digitalisation, energy storage, and hydrogen technologies. It further discusses strategic pathways such as distributed generation, smart grid deployment, institutional reforms, and long term transition planning. The paper argues that integrating emerging technologies with coherent policy, robust governance, and inclusive planning is essential for developing a resilient renewable based power system capable of supporting Nigeria’s socio economic development and climate goals.